City Vision by Shafiq Ahmad

Pollution Free City :

            The first and most important thing in future, the city should be free from any kind of pollution whether it is air, the water or noise.

Congestion free :

            It should free from congestion of streets to roads.

Quality of Roads :

            Widening of road & on each km of road there should be parking space so that people can easily park their car & reduce congestion. Road should be such a kind that it charges the running vehicle automatically.

            Electric buses & cars should be used to reduce air pollution.

Free Wi-Fi :

            Free wifi all over the city so that people can locate, vehicle, metro as well as the place they want to visit. With this facility, it reduces time span & makes easy for the people to travel any corner of the earth.

Transaction :

            One transaction card should be used for every kind of fare whether it is automobile fare, metro or airplane fare and for shopping.

Str. of buildings :

            All building must have the same heights & structure in an area with this city will look more beautiful.

Cycling :

            Cycling and walking should apply on regular basis to a small distance, it give health benefits & will reduce pollution as well.

Solar System :

            Solar panel should be installed on the streets lights as well as on the roads. Within an area, all the lights should be linked with one switch at a point. So that it can easily ‘off’ during daytime & ‘on’ during the night. With this, it will the same lot of energy.

Water ways :

            There should be canals on the edge & from the centre of the city. It must be used for transportation purpose & should be cleaned from garbage.

Ring Road :

            Ring road in the city which must cover the entire edge area in a circular way. If anyone wants to visit one periphery to other, it will directly go through the ring road & have not to suffer in the central zone.

Malls :

            Big malls should concentrated on ring road & centre of the city only. Central place must be connected by road from all four sides. It will give it circular shape & city will look more beautiful.

CCTV Surveillance :

            CCTV cameras must be installed at the central place & peripheries of city which will locate everything easily.

Route Map.

            Route map on every 1 km of the road & some of the streets. So that one can travel easily from one place to another.

Conclusion.

            Last but not least, for the beautification of the city it should circular in shape. And all the building should have same color & height in an area.

            Hence I prefer the kind of city in the future if possible.

Other Assignments:

Ashna’s

Laskar’s

Shahjahan’s

Syed Aiyazuddin’s

Wajeeha’s

Toiba’s

Hilal’s

Heena’s

Farhin’s

Assma’s

Sufia’s

Sharda’s

Noman’s

Afzal’s

Sadiq’s

Maheen’s

Juvairiya’s

Mandal’s

Posted in Class Assignments M.Sc. Geography 2017-19 AMU, Aligarh, earth, opinions, urban morphology, Urban Studies, vision | 17 Comments

Future City by Syed Aiyazuddin

            It is so visionary to anticipate what the cities of the future will look like. According to me Future city may be defined as an imagined city that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect morphology and qualities for its citizens. I envision my futuristic city would be as a model which would serves and inspire others to emulate it. A city holds a wave of evolutionary changes in terms of infrastructure, economy, innovation, technology, environment and social aspects.

            City would based on super-modern technologies, automobiles, electronic communication, underwater houses, congestion free, self driving vehicles, air buses and cars, no roads, No concept of rural, welfare city, buildings having with same height, constructed with same materials, equal in size and virtually identical in appearance. City would based on equality in economics, government and justice, a city of equals; not haves and have-nots. Mentally and energetically, I’d go insane if I lived in a city that did not allow me to connect to nature, for that I considered ecological sustainability. The fundamental values and concepts would be a high degree of individual freedom, high degree of individual responsibility, voluntary cooperation, Mutual aid, freedom of association and freedom to disassociate, personal development, creative innovation, dealing openly with emotional and sexual issues and healing the rift between the sexes. In short, I want a futuristic city whose dual goals were broad in terms of physical, social,cultural, economical, political and most importantly in terms of infrastructural development and morphological outlook of the city.

            I would first outline my vision for future city. In regards to the Physical Outlook, I envision an urban city which is ecologically sustainable, or environmentally friendly designs and practices, organic gardening, green belts, parks, incorporating of solar heating and cooling features into all buildings, pedestrian/bicycle friendly. Sewage disposal/recycling and active solar designs, organic agriculture projects. Multiple land use pattern for different activities, eliminate sprawl, No pollution, Automobile free zone. In order to operate city Economically everyone pay an equal amount for the city (food, rent, utilities etc.) There would be income and wealth sharing amongs the peoples of the city. Healing the rift between the sexes and building a society based on partnership rather than domination. Multi-commercial buildings, offices in every cluster of the city. As to Education I would prefer a free school environment, rather than forcing children to endure captivity in public indoctrination centers. The competition of grades and position would be eliminated. Development of self critical thinking, Rational and technological arts and science, In terms of Morphological outlook of the city would be so different from those at present. I envision High density living but in a arranged manner, ecological cities, more livable city houses, concept of road transformed into Air Routes, water Routes and underground phases I, II, III etc. well developed footpath way. Automatic Button system in every aspects in the city such as market, offices, school, transport, open spaces, automobile free zones. Transformation landuse from Agriculture to Residential depends on movable cities buildings, shops, offices etc. social interaction,

  • Dwellings are within a 2-3 minute walk of the center.
  • Transit stop would be located at the houses roof depending of where people want to go.
  • No poor rich apartments/Houses separation. All live same, because all have equal things in every aspects.
  • Parks, playground accessible to every dwelling not beyond the city cluster.
  • Streets within the neighborhood form an air network connection.
  • Houses on trees, Branches for holidays, picnic etc.
  • Parking lots usually on the terrace, whenever necessary it comes automatic, just by pressing button located on the terrace.
  • Buildings for community meetings, cultural activities i.e. civic buildings.

Things that I would not considered in my future city :

  • No Roads, but pedestrian pathway.
  • No crimes, pollution, competition, rich-poor etc.
  • No rural activity, but it will transformed into urban pattern i.e. urban agriculture.
  • No self-dependent on driving, rather it will operate atomaticlaly.
  • People relax in the offices, robotic system operate everything, only the guideline is given by the person.
  • No any urban Hierarchy system in the city like city Megacity Megaloplis etc. only a city concept although it will have everything that a Megalopolis could considered.
  • No  different size of buildings, colours, height etc.
  • City not located static on any site but it could be dynamic, movable from one site to another.
  • No grid pattern in the city, depending upon the uses increases or decrease the areas under the activities.
  • Socially culturally and politically not rigid system but flexible only.
  • Every areas have green spaces, not a particular site.
  • Things will available same all there, price etc.

Morphology of Future City:

            After being a nomad for so many years, it was hard to change the earth handscape however due to different ideas, innovation skills, technology, infrastructure development and hand subdivision the human settlements came into existence. Therefore, the city building processes emerge over long periods through the successive generations of building activity. Human settlement and the process of their formation and transformation is not static but dynamic. The spatial structure of the landscape change with the passage of time. Morphology of the city emphasise the relationship between components of the city and its geometry/pattern, forms, structure. Such as streets, pedestrian ways, open spaces, density of settlements and activities, infrastructure facilities, roads, transports etc. There are also variety of elements which connects physical outlook of the city. Following are chief elements under which I considered my future city will look like :

  1. Infrastructure :Infrastructure refers to the fundamental facilities and systems serving a city or area. Including the service and facilities necessary for its economy to function, such as roads, electricity, water, sewage, communication, basic livelihood of their cities and business etc.

(a) Buildings/Settlements Morphology :

  • Cities buildings are planned to locate underground, underwater, desert or inaccessible are (in the sky or float on the sea).
  • Skyscrapers were living and offices with floating greenhouses or may be high rise vegetable patches. Green roofs through vertical farming/gardening.
  • Buildings would be in circular shape like cluster, web and movable just like a spring and swinging buildings.
  • There would be one building with big nucleus, under which thousands of buildings will accommodate.
  • Disaster protected buildings. Disaster Management taken care of.
  • Buildings consume sun energy and transfer into power which would utilize by the flying cars/buses also.
  • No congestion among the building space density. Their capacity would be maximum.
  • The land use under buildings, houses, Apartments etc. have multiple uses, may be changed/moved whenever other activities likely to be performed there (eg. at the time agriculture the buildings must be raise above or shifted to barren areas and when cultivation got over, again building shift to that place).
  • Buildings exists entirely off the grid.
  • Anti smog towers with nonpolluting properties, photosynthesis towers covered in algae and vertical farming oriented ‘Farm scrapers’
  • Buildings/Houses should not longer suitable to certain location/location free (Desert, water, air, disaster prone area).
  • Four segments/lobes and each similar in form and function contributes the complete city.
  • Non-residential areas are reserved for various infrastructure requirements i.e. for heavy industry and parking.
  • Utility areas are located at the extremities of the city as they require direct access to rapid transit (e.g. underground rocket system; within a minutes).
  • Each city size for accommodation as large as 3 to 5 million.
  1. Transport/Vehicles :
  • Underwater train, buses, cars.
  • Air buses, cars, bicycles
  • No concept of Roads, Highways
  • Underground rocket transit system of transport, which will take couples of min. to reach out any destination
  • Submarine transit for underwater entertainment centers.
  • Traffic system will not be there, self driving cars, buses etc.
  • Robotic control system, Monitoring and automation.
  • Happy transport system, can take any vehicle, all will cost the same but distance matter.
  • High quality public transportation
  • No traffic congestion
  • No carbon. Transports would run through solar or winds or Moon’s light
  • Parking facilities also available in the sky.
  1. Sanitation :
  • Water no longer problem, technology would possible the Man-made rainfall, oceanic water easily purificable.
  • No food shortage. There will be no housing shortage it will be reduced. Through vertical farming, desert oasis farming the shortage of food will fulfill the demands of the peoples.

Elements which would make my future city possible and liveable :

  • Multiple landuse.
  • Science & Technology.
  • Management (waste, Energy and water)
  • Pedestrian zones.
  • Transport & communication.
  • Incorporation of nature within a city.
  • Sustainable use, produce and consume.
  • Legibility and way finding
  • Animation
  • Aesthetics
  • Welfare development
  • Function & fit
  • Civil society
  • Open space
  • Connected network of all the phenomena.
  • Traffic, congestion control system

Major Dimension of my future city :

  • Four cluster
  • Air Transportation
  • Commercial complexes
  • Green space, open space
  • Inner transportation service – Airways
  • Outer –underground
  • Underground Rapid Transit
  • No Road system
  • Energy in the form of solar wind and moon.
  • No pollution, Multiple landuse function
  • Buildings can be move and perform cultivation and their placed again.

 

U.G.R.T. (Underground Rocket Transportation System)

 It provide very fast travelling cost, few minutes. We cover distance of thousands kilometers.

Four cluster of human settlement. In this we can have all the facilities.

Air buses, cars for short driving

Market places, offices, commercial complexes

Morphology of Future city : 

Underwater city : as we know water contain 97% of the earth and our population is increasing, in future if this population becomes so high, so I order to cope up with that situation I would considered, underwater public home.

  • City floats onwater
  • Entirely off the grid
  • Sustainable to land
  • Fully self-contained city that floats on the water’s surface during good weather and like submarine, when get rough.

Morphology of Future city : Over space

 Code show, the building types, one should enter in the space city and press the above letter and automatic. She entered into the buildings.

Other Assignments:

Ashna’s

Laskar’s

Shafiq’s

Shahjahan’s

Wajeeha’s

Toiba’s

Hilal’s

Heena’s

Farhin’s

Assma’s

Sufia’s

Sharda’s

Noman’s

Afzal’s

Sadiq’s

Maheen’s

Juvairiya’s

Mandal’s

Posted in Class Assignments M.Sc. Geography 2017-19 AMU, Aligarh, earth, urban morphology, Urban Studies | 19 Comments

 Howard Nelson’s Classification of Cities

Nelson through his classification removed the shortcomings of the earlier classifications by using a stated procedure that could be objectively checked by other workers. His paper ‘A Service Classification of American Cities’ was published in the journal Geography in 1955.
He decided to base his method of classification entirely upon major industry groups as listed in the 1950 Census of Population for standard metropolitan areas, urbanized areas and urban places of 10,000 or more population. He omitted the little significance groups like agriculture and construction, and finally, arrived at the nine activity groups (manufacturing; retail; professional services; wholesale; personal service; public administration; transport and communication; finance, insurance, real estate and mining).
The problem of city specialization, and also the degree of specialization above the
average was solved by giving margins of different degree to different size classes. He did find a definite tendency for the percentages employed in some activities vary with city size. The question – ‘When is a city specialized?’ was solved by using a statistical technique – the Standard Deviation (SD).

He reasoned that that SD was the simplest and most widely understood of all statistical measures of variation, and that the degree of variation could be compared by use of SD even if, in some cases, we are dealing with large numbers , as in the manufacturing, and in others with small numbers, as in mining as wholesale trade.

nelson

A city can be specialized in more than one activity and to varying degrees. Thus he showed for each city all activities that qualified for plus 1, plus 2, or plus 3 SDs above the
mean. According to Nelson’s Classification, a city can be specialized in more than one activity and to varying degrees.

Suppose, any city which is classified as Pf 2F, it means that it has 22.87 or more but
less than 28.76 per cent of its labour-force employed in professional service and 4.44 or more but less than 5.69 per cent employed in finance, insurance and real estate. In short, his table indicates, the number of SDs shows the degree to which the urban centre stands out for the activity in question. A city which does not fall even under 1 SD, average in any activity appears as diversified D, in Nelson’s classification.

The problem of city specialization, and also the degree of specialization
above the average was solved by giving margins of different degree to different
size classes. He did find a definite tendency for the percentages employed in
some activities vary with city size. The question ‘When is a city specialized?’
was solved by using a statistical technique the Standard Deviation (SD).
Source H. J. Nelson (1955) ‘A Service Classification of American Cities’,
Geography, Vol. 31, pp. 195.

With the help of the Standard Deviation (SD) method, Nelson was able to show the degree of dominance of other industries in comparison to the most dominant industry. To clarify, the degree of specialization is measured in multiples of standard deviation. We will learn to calculate the degree of specialization using following steps.

Further, we have to construct a matrix or table showing the national average, standard deviation (SD) and multiples of standard deviation.

Step I

Firstly, collect the industry wise data of workers for all the cities of the country. Secondly, calculate the proportion of workers in each industry by using a simple percentage formula as follows.

The above formula shows the calculation for arriving at the proportion of workers in the Manufacturing (Mf) sector. Thirdly, we will calculate the proportion of workers in all nine sectors. Finally, we will get the percentage of workers in each industry. Please note that this will be the national average or mean for each of the industries.

Step II

In this step, we have to calculate the percentage of workers in each industry for different cities of the country. The formula for calculating this is as follows.

The above formula shows the proportion of workers in the Manufacturing (Mf) sector for Mumbai. Similarly, calculate the proportion of workers in the manufacturing sector for all the cities.

Now, we have to repeat the same process for all the industries. Consequently, we will get the proportion of workers in each of the nine industries for all the cities. You will get data as shown below.

Earlier in Step I, we have already calculated national average or mean workers in each industry.

Step III

In this step, we will calculate the standard deviation of each industry across the cities by using the following formulae.

  • In the above formulae X-Mean will be calculated for each city. Then all the values will be summed and divided by the total number of cities (n). By using this formula, we will get the SD for the manufacturing sector (Mf). Similarly, calculate the standard deviation of all the industries

Read More at THIS Source

Posted in Class Notes, earth, Urban Studies | 2 Comments

Classification of Cities by Chauncy D. Harris

Chauncy D. Harris remedied the deficiencies of the former subjective and judgement-based classifications. In his paper ‘A Functional Classification of Cities in the United States (1943)’, he was able to identify quantitatively dominant function out of multifunctional  character of cities. He devised a scale of reference from his study of 984 towns (population more than 10,000) in United States based on the data provided by 1930 Census. He used two sets of information

– i) employment and

ii) occupational figures

reduced to percentages to indicate cut-off points for urban activities varying in importance.

Harris based his classification on the activity of greatest importance in each city, recognizing that all cities are more or less multifunctional, he attempted to set up quantitative definitions that would enable him to assign each city to one class or category.
He identified nine principal categories of towns –

  1. Manufacturing (M’) Subtype
  2. Manufacturing (M) Subtype
  3. Retailing (R),
  4. Diversified (D),
  5. Wholesaling (W),
  6. Transportation (T),
  7. Mining (S),
  8. Educational (E),
  9. Resort or Retirement (X)

      and Others (P).

Here is the table Harris used for classification.

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Harris’s classification suffers with some defects and is not universally viable. He used metropolitan districts as functional units because the industry-group data such as those
published now were not available during that time. Consequently, number of cities which were too small to have metropolitan districts were left unclassified.
Carter (1975) labelled Harris’s classification as subjective because the decisions to
access or delete with a minimum number or cut-off points seem to be a personal one and
were set by simple empirical means. Under the class of ‘Transport and Communications’,
workers engaged in telephone and telegraph services were omitted, which was nothing more than a subjective decision.

Posted in earth | 1 Comment