If you have difficulties with your dissertation, college essay, or any other assignment, you may start searching for reliable solutions online. You may spend hours thinking “Should I turn to a paid professional online essay writing service for help? Is it ok to ask writers to write my papers for me?”.

Indeed, thousands of American students do this when they feel that they are completely stuck with their college assignments. So this is not a bad idea at all. Especially if you manage to find the best essay writing service online that is trustworthy, responsive, and professional. But how do you find such an online essay writing service that can deliver you an A+ essay every time you ask them about it?

That’s a really good question. Of course, you may go the trial-and-error way testing every single essay writing service on the web, comparing them, and eventually, you may find the best assistant for you. Or there is another option.

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Essay Writing Service

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Henri Pirenne, (born Dec. 23, 1862, Verviers, Belg.—died Oct. 24, 1935, Eccle, near Brussels), Belgian educator and scholar, one of the most eminent scholars of the Middle Ages and of Belgian national development.

Pirenne’s first important book was Histoire de la constitution de la ville de Dinant au moyen âge (1889; “History of the Constitution of the City of Dinant in the Middle Ages”), a study of medieval town life that became one of the major themes of his later works. His greatest work, Histoire de Belgique, 7 vol. (1900–32; “History of Belgium”), gained him international respect for his innovative approach to socioeconomic developments in town life and his contention that Belgian unity was not the result of ethnic identification or political centralization but instead emerged from the position of Belgium as a centre of industrial and intellectual commerce between Latin and Germanic cultures.

According to Pirenne the City is an Economic Space.He focussed on Centrality of Sea.

The Roman Empire was fundamentally a maritime empire oriented around the Mediterranean Sea. There were of course nonmaritime frontiers in the wooded north of Europe and the deserts of the Sahara and the Middle East but most, if not all, was within the watershed of the Mediterranean-Black Sea. The sea not only provided the routes for political administration and military supervision but also for trade. Sea trade was predominantly in the hands of merchants from the Levantine, the Syrians and Jews. This trade made possible regional specialization and economies of scale. Not only were goods provided cheaper as a result this trade but there was a vastly larger variety of goods available.

The Germanic tribes in the West were becoming Romanized. Germans served in the Roman Army and sometimes Germans commanded the armies of Rome. Thus the conflicts in the West were not civilization versus barbarians but instead Romanized Germans fighting against Germanized Roman armies. The battles in the East were a different matter; there it was Roman culture versus Parthian (Persian) culture. Losses in the West could be regained by diplomacy if not military operations, but losses in the East were permanent. Thus the shift of administration from Rome to Constantinople reflected this situation.

When Moslems captured the Mediterranean in the seventh century the trade routes were cut. The Vikings later also made sea trade difficult. The Magyars swept into Europe out of Central Asia and further cut trade in the east. The net result is that individual regions could not count on producing some goods for market and using the proceeds from their sale to buy the other goods which were needed. Each region had to be self-sufficient.

Self-sufficiency has its attractions but with self-sufficiency are lost the gains from specialization and the economies of scale. The levels of income and standards of living decline so there may not be any market for trade goods even if they were available. The surpluses that could support some elements of the society pursuing cultural activities disappeared and almost everyone had to grub for a living.

Henri Pirenne, a prominent Belgian historian, developed a widely influential theory regarding the origin of towns, known as the Pirenne Thesis. Pirenne argued that towns in medieval Europe arose primarily as commercial centers, strategically located along trade routes, and their development was closely tied to the revival of long-distance trade after a period of decline caused by the closure of Mediterranean trade routes due to Arab expansion in the seventh century.

Pirenne’s model suggests that:

• Cities originated as economic spaces based on commerce and long-distance trade. Towns formed not from agricultural settlements but as centers where trade networks converged, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas.
• The interruption of trade led to ruralization. After the Mediterranean region’s connection was severed by Arab conquest, European economies turned inward, with self-sufficient feudal estates dominating until trade revived around the 10th and 11th centuries.
• Revival of trade led to urban rebirth. The resurgence of commercial activity fostered the growth of new towns at crossroads, river junctions, and ports, as merchants and artisans settled in these areas, eventually forming a new social class outside the feudal system.

Key Features of Pirenne’s Urban Theory

• Trade networks were central. Towns typically grew at intersections of major trade routes, becoming hubs for economic activity and cultural exchange.
• Economic and social transformation. The rise of towns marked the emergence of a bourgeois merchant class and the decline of feudalism, as towns gained economic and political autonomy.
• Cities as islands of capitalism. According to Pirenne, medieval towns operated as centers of commerce in a largely agrarian and feudal world and represented the reawakening of European civilization through renewed maritime and overland exchange.

Legacy and Influence

Pirenne’s thesis challenged earlier views that focused primarily on agricultural or technological factors and instead highlighted the transformative impact of trade and commerce on urban development. His ideas remain foundational in debates on urban origins in historical geography and have shaped subsequent research and discourse on the evolution of European towns.

Link(s) and Source(s):

Britannica

Urban design is the art of creating and shaping cities and towns. It involves the arrangement and design of buildings, public spaces, transport systems, services, and amenities. It is the process of giving form, shape, and character to groups of buildings, to whole neighbourhoods, and the city. It is a framework that orders the elements into a network of streets, squares, and blocks. Urban design blends architecture, landscape architecture, and city planning together to make urban areas functional and attractive. 

Urban design and urban planning

While the two fields are closely related, ‘urban design’ differs from ‘urban planning’ in its focus on the physical improvement of the public environment, whereas the latter tends, in practice, to focus on the management of private development through established planning methods and programmes, and other statutory development controls.

Recent years have seen a development in the use of design, as well as in design philosophy and design research. Design has come to mean more than shaping and aesthetics; it has increasingly become a strategic element in business innovation processes as well as in a number of societal development processes. A designer’s ability to combine, for instance, designing with user understanding and overall solutions is increasingly becoming a competitive parameter when companies develop new products and services.

An increasing number of countries have invested in design to promote their image internationally, to raise awareness among local consumers of the value of design and product quality, and to increase interest from local industry in the benefits of design for business performance. Furthermore, many of these countries have also invested in developing their design educational systems and their capabilities within the area of design research.

How the city has changed

‘Seen in a long-term historical perspective, city space has always served three vital functions – meeting place, marketplace and connection place. As a meeting place, the city provided opportunities for social exchange of information of all kinds. As a marketplace, the city facilitated commercial exchange of goods and services. And finally, public spaces enabled access to and connections between all the functions of the city…Within a span of only a few decades, a city devoted primarily to working city and basic necessities has been transformed into a city of leisure and enjoyment.’ (Gehl et. al., 2006). City is a social space.

In New City Life by famous Danish architect Jan Gehl et. al. (2006) the story is told about a survey among people in Copenhagen’s city centre. The main question was, “What is the primary reason for your being in Copenhagen’s city centre?”. The response was measured at two moments in time. The first was in the 1970s when the answer was “shopping”. Later in 2005 the response was often “being in the city”. Therefore the conclusion was that city space is a goal in itself, a worthwhile asset in its own right. According to Gehl et. al. (2006) more people use the central city and have spent more time there over the past 40 years, including evenings and weekends when the shops are often closed. ‘All in all, this is a dramatic and remarkable development that offers lessons for other cities that want to improve their public spaces as a way to enliven and enrich the experience of urban life.’

The spatial structure of cities has its roots in the recognition of urban centres and the notion of centrality in the urban system. In general, the spatial structure has two principal aspects: the morphological dimension, which refers to the locations, sizes and boundaries of the centres, and the functional dimension, which addresses the significance of the interrelationship between those hierarchical centres (Burger and Meijers 2012).

These two principles interact with each other with some level of correlation, but empirical studies at the intra-city scale offer very little to show a robust causal connection between the functional and morphological changes in cities (Hall 2002; Burger and Meijers 2012). In the term’s usage, the normative definitions of these aspects of spatial structure can be reflected in various scenarios.

The space syntax theory proposes that spatial urban structure shapes movement and then movement shapes functions in the city (Hillier 1996). Space syntax representations of spatial structures can efficiently capture as spatial descriptions functional patterns in historic or informal settlements and slums.

Link(s) and Source(s):

EUKN

Urban Fabric

Urban Morphology

Centrality in Cities

We need Gandhi’s Talisma (mantra) more than ever today. Infact, we need it again and again.

And We Need Shastri ji Too. To me he is a symbol of Common Man’s Industriousness. His Talisma is Power of Common Man’s Dreams.

On Mahatma Gandhi’s birthday, let’s pay reverence to the man who paved his way with not any exceptional qualities but solely the truth… Because the truth was his only guiding light.

We need to remember “It is unwise to be too sure of one’s own wisdom. It is healthy to be reminded that the strongest might weaken and the wisest might err.”

AND

“You must be the change you wish to see in the world.“

Lets Remember.Lets try to be courageous in the face of Violence- Mental and Physical