Communalism refers to a strong allegiance to one’s own community, especially when this sense of identity leads to division, antagonism, or conflict between groups based on religious, ethnic, or social distinctions. In the context of India, communalism is most commonly understood as an ideology that divides society along religious lines, often inciting intolerance, political mobilization, and sometimes violence between communities, particularly Hindus and Muslims.
- Communalism can be seen as a social, political, and economic ideology that prioritizes the interests of one group above others and may manifest as shared possession and a sense of exclusive loyalty to the community.
- It fosters an “us vs. them” mentality, sometimes leading communities to perceive others as adversaries, resulting in rivalry and antagonism.
- In positive contexts, communalism can involve efforts to uplift one’s own community; in negative contexts, it can foster intolerance, hatred, separatism, and social division.
Types
Sociologists such as T.K. Oommen and Bipan Chandra identify several types of communalism, especially relevant in the Indian context:
- Assimilationist: Attempts to integrate minority communities into the practices of the dominant group.
- Welfarist: Focuses on the welfare of certain religious groups, sometimes reinforcing sectarian identities.
- Retreatist: Promotes withdrawal from political or social participation on religious grounds.
- Retaliatory: Arises from mutual hostility and often results in violent confrontations.
- Separatist: Seeks separate identity or autonomy based on religious lines.
- Secessionist: Advocates complete separation from the nation, often through violent means.
Causes and Impacts
- Communalism is fueled by religious, cultural, and economic differences and is often heightened by political propaganda and mobilization.
- Historically, communalism has arisen due to both social diversity and political manipulation, notably during the British colonial era.
- Its impact includes social fragmentation, riots, and threats to national integrity, making it a significant challenge for multi-ethnic and religious societies like India.
Some Definitions
- Bipan Chandra defines communalism as the belief that people sharing a religion have common social, political, and economic interests which override other differences in society.
- Communalism is sometimes considered a form of segregation, chosen by groups seeking isolation or dominance.
In summary, communalism is a multifaceted concept involved in dividing society along tightly held community lines, particularly religion, which can both shape group identity and threaten social cohesion through antagonism and conflict.
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Basic Types of Communalism
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