Why Ocean Keeps Its Cool at 4 Celsius

Posted on April 3, 2022 by Rashid Faridi

Iowa Climate Science Education's avatarIowa Climate Science Education

Water (H2O) has magical properties that make our planet suitable for us.  The video explains why most of the ocean water is about 4 degrees Celsius.  A transcript from another presentation draws the implications. Excerpts in italics with my bolds.

At the surface, ocean water can vary wildly in temperature – the water at the equator is around 30 degrees Celsius and the water at the poles is, well, freezing.  But surface waters are only a small fraction of the total water in the ocean.  Dive a little deeper, and you’ll find that a whopping 75 percent of the ocean’s water is all at the same temperature…and we’re not talking averages or anything – the vast majority of ocean water is 4 degrees Celsius.  And that’s not just a coincidence – it’s because water is weird.

As a liquid cools, its molecules slow down and the liquid generally gets denser and denser.  That’s how molten…

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A billion of the world’s most climate-vulnerable people live in informal settlements – here’s what they face

Posted on March 28, 2022 by Rashid Faridi

RGS-IBG Managing Editor: Academic Publications's avatarGeography Directions

By Vanesa Castán Broto, University of Sheffield; Emmanuel Osuteye, UCL, and Linda Westman, University of Sheffield

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Flooding is common in informal settlements in Bwaise, a neighbourhood in the Ugandan capital Kampala. Bwaise’s residents are largely excluded from planning and local decision-making processes, and have poor housing and limited access to sanitation and other essential services.

Flooding makes matters much worse. During a visit in November 2019, residents showed us that they dig trenches around their houses and build small retaining walls to prevent water from flooding in. Public toilets are raised about a metre above the ground.

Bwaise lies in a swampy valley between several of Kampala’s many hills and was already prone to flooding. But floods are now happening more and more often because of climate…

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First Emperor:Ancient Mesopotamia

Posted on March 27, 2022 by Rashid Faridi
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The power of diagrams in urban studies (part 3) Engels diagram of rings of urban class — Mapping Urban Form and Society

Posted on March 27, 2022 by Rashid Faridi

Back in 2018 I wrote about[1] the brilliant cartoon by John Atkinson, (@WrongHands1), Simplified City Map (Figure 1), which I suggested was reminiscent of the classic chart by Ernest Burgess from 1925, which illustrates the growth of cities, based on an idealised model of the city of Chicago at the time. [2] Figure 1. Simplifed […]

The power of diagrams in urban studies (part 3) Engels diagram of rings of urban class — Mapping Urban Form and Society
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