Save The Earth — Hug A Logger

Climate Change: As environmental alarmists entertain themselves by turning off lights, their efforts sometimes lead to unintended consequences. A new study, for example, shows they may be warming the earth by saving trees.


Read More: Global Warming


The latest effort to save the earth, something called Earth Hour, asked people around the world to turn off their lights for an hour to reduce carbon emissions and draw attention to climate change.

An initiative of the World Wildlife Fund, this rolling blackout began in New Zealand at 8 p.m. Saturday and moved west as other time zones reached that hour.

This combo picture shows the Sydney Harbor Bridge and Sydney Opera House illuminated by lights (top), then with lights turned off as the Australian capital kicked off

This combo picture shows the Sydney Harbor Bridge and Sydney Opera House illuminated by lights (top), then with lights turned off as the Australian capital kicked off “Earth Hour” on Saturday night in a worldwide effort to combat climate change.

As reported by CNSNews.com, municipal authorities in Sydney, Australia, turned out the lights on that city’s famous Harbor Bridge and Opera House. In last year’s Earth Hour (yeah, we missed it too), organizers claimed 2 million people took part and Sydney’s emissions of greenhouse gases were reduced by 10% during that hour.

This year, 27 “partner cities” were named on the campaign’s Web site. They included Chicago, Atlanta, San Francisco and Phoenix. Sort of reminds us of last July’s Live Earth concert series, when the various NBC networks provided 75 hours of free air time to Al Gore and friends for concerts on its various stations.

NBC host Bob Costas sat in a darkened studio for a full minute as an energy-saving gesture while millions watched on their energy-consuming plasma TVs.

Never mind that it involved flying rock stars around the planet in emission-spewing private jets to plug their electric guitars into Godzilla-size amplifiers. Everything was fine, we were told, because everyone was buying “carbon offsets,” a scam that lets warming hypocrites continue their energy gluttony because they’re paying somebody somewhere to plant a tree.

In the green scheme of things, trees are a good thing and deforestation is bad. We must plant as many trees as we can to suck up all that CO2, the pollutant that sustains all plant and therefore all animal life on earth. Old-growth forests must be protected from those nasty loggers.

Trouble is, according to Thomas Bonnicksen, professor emeritus of forest science at Texas A&M University, forests left in “pristine” condition have too many trees and too many dead ones, both of which provide fuel for the devastating forest fires that ravaged California last year.

Bonnicksen is also a visiting scholar at the California Forest Foundation and has authored a study available at its Web site (calforestfoundation.org). It shows that four large California wildfires produced 38 million tons of greenhouse gases through fire and subsequent decay of dead trees — 10 million from the fires themselves and 28 million from the post-fire decay. This is equivalent to the emissions from 7 million cars for an entire year.

Bonnicksen says the four fires studied involved forests averaging 350 trees per acre where 50 an acre is considered normal. Some California forests, he says, have more than 1,000 trees per acre, with young trees growing under big trees, serving as “ladder fuel” and dead trees and woody debris on the ground.

He advocates “thinning” the forests so they’re less like time bombs waiting to explode. “Harvested trees can be turned into long-lasting wood products that store carbon,” he notes, adding that it’s important to remove trees destroyed by fires and insects “so that they don’t decay and send more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.”

So it just might be forest fires that are causing global warming, not the other way around, as Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid recently claimed.

Bonnicksen concludes by saying that “reducing the number and severity of wildfires may be the single most important short-term action we can take to lower greenhouse gas emissions and really fight global warming.”

Even more important than throwing rock concerts and turning your lights off for an hour.

By INVESTOR’S BUSINESS DAILY | Posted Monday, March 31, 2008 4:30 PM PT

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How Mountains Are Made


 

 
Why are seashells found on Mt. Everest?

Millions of years ago, Mt. Everest was not a mountain at all. It was underneath the ocean! A lot has changed since then. The outer skin of the earth – both land and sea – rides on gigantic “plates”. Over millions of years, these moving plates collide with one another to form spectacular mountains.

How to make a mountain

Here are some of the ways that mountains form:

Two plates can press against each other until the land is lifted and folded over itself.

Folded mountains of the Tibetan Plateau (photo by Alton Byers)

One plate can push on top of another one. As one plate slides downward into the earth, it begins to melt. The melted rock rushes upward along cracks and weak spots, bursting out as fiery volcanoes. You can see a huge “ring of fire” where volcanoes circle the Pacific Ocean.

Plates can stretch until they crack and slide, forming fault-block mountains.

In the ocean, great underwater mountains are formed when plates spread away from one another, and melted rock pushes up through the gap.

Ice sculpture

Glaciers carve out spectacular scenery in mountains. Glaciers pluck rock right out of the mountainside and carry it downward in a river of ice. Glaciers form sharp horns, rounded bowls, and U-shaped valleys.

The famous Matterhorn… and a glacier that is still carving rock nearby.
(photos by Elizabeth Byers)

Old mountains

Given enough time, millions of years generally, all mountains crumble. High jagged peaks become low rounded hills. Finally, mountains wear away to become soil on plains, sand on beaches, or sediments in oceans.

What makes mountains crumble? Rain, wind, and ice wear away mountains. Water gets into the cracks in rocks and pushes the cracks wider as it expands with both heat and cold. Water also dissolves some minerals, washing them out of the rocks. Eventually, the rocks crack and split off. Some crash down the mountain as boulders, others move only a tiny bit as clay particles.

Would you like to speed up geologic time to see mountains being made? Try these links:

Break-up of Pangaea
Animated GIF begins with globe showing the ancient super-continent of Pangaea. Continents move apart to their present positions (USGS National Park Service)
Mountain Maker, Earth Shaker: You Try It!
Shockwave interactive animation of plate tectonics (A Science Odyssey, WGBH, PBS)
Birth of the Himalaya
Shockwave animation sequence (PBS)
Making mountains under the ocean
Animated GIF begins with close-up showing mid-ocean ridge topography with magma chamber below. Magma rises and new ocean plate spreads away from ridge (USGS National Park Service)
SOURCE:http://www.mountain.org
   
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Pyroclastic Flows and Their Effects

Pyroclastic flows move down Mayon Volcano, Philippines
Mayon Volcano, Philippines

What are pyroclastic flows?

Pyroclastic flows are high-density mixtures of hot, dry rock fragments and hot gases that move away from the vent that erupted them at high speeds. They may result from the explosive eruption of molten or solid rock fragments, or both. They may also result from the nonexplosive eruption of lava when parts of dome or a thick lava flow collapses down a steep slope. Most pyroclastic flows consist of two parts: a basal flow of coarse fragments that moves along the ground, and a turbulent cloud of ash that rises above the basal flow. Ash may fall from this cloud over a wide area downwind from the pyroclastic flow.

How are pyroclastic flows generated?

Animation still of a pyroclastic flow
Quicktime video
pyroclastic flow (1.79 M)

Effects of pyroclastic flows

A pyroclastic flow will destroy nearly everything in its path. With rock fragments ranging in size from ash to boulders traveling across the ground at speeds typically greater than 80 km per hour, pyroclastic flows knock down, shatter, bury or carry away nearly all objects and structures in their way. The extreme temperatures of rocks and gas inside pyroclastic flows, generally between 200°C and 700°C, can cause combustible material to burn, especially petroleum products, wood, vegetation, and houses.

Pyroclastic flows…

…destroy by direct impact. …bury sites with hot rock debris. …melt snow and ice to form lahars. …burn forests, crops, and buildings.

Pyroclastic flows vary considerably in size and speed, but even relatively small flows that move <5 km from a volcano can destroy buildings, forests, and farmland. And on the margins of pyroclastic flows, death and serious injury to people and animals may result from burns and inhalation of hot ash and gases.

Pyroclastic flows generally follow valleys or other low-lying areas and, depending on the volume of rock debris carried by the flow, they can deposit layers of loose rock fragments to depths ranging from less than one meter to more than 200 m. Such loose layers of ash and volcanic rock debris in valleys and on hillslopes can lead to lahars indirectly by:

  1. Damming or blocking tributary streams, which may cause water to form a lake behind the blockage, overtop and erode the blockage, and mix with the rock fragments as it rushes downstream (for example, see this case study at Pinatubo Volcano, Philippines)
  2. Increasing the rate of stream runoff and erosion during subsequent rainstorms. Hot pyroclastic flows and surges can also directly generate lahars by eroding and mixing with snow and ice on a volcano’s flanks, thereby sending a sudden torrent of water surging down adjacent valleys (see case study from Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia).

Case studies of historical pyroclastic flows, surges, and directed blasts

Numerous terms are used by scientists to describe pyroclastic flows. source:http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

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Volcano Landslides

Illustration of a landslide from a volcano
Start of landslide

What are volcano landslides?

Landslides are large masses of rock and soil that fall, slide, or flow very rapidly under the force of gravity. These mixtures of debris move in a wet or dry state, or both. Landslides commonly originate as massive rock slides or avalanches which disintegrate during movement into fragments ranging in size from small particles to enormous blocks hundreds of meters across. If the moving rock debris is large enough and contains a large content of water and fine material (typically, >3-5 percent of clay-sized particles), the landslide may transform into a lahar and flow down valley more than 100 km from a volcano!

Volcano landslides range in size from less than 1 km3 to more than 100 km3. The high velocity (>100 km/hr) and great momentum of landslides allows them to run up slopes and to cross valley divides up to several hundred meters high. For example, the landslide at Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980, had a volume of 2.5 km3, reached speeds of 50-80 m/s (180-288 km/hr), and surged up and over a 400 m tall ridge located about 5 km from the volcano!

Illustration of a landslide from a volcano
Landslide enters valley
Illustrations by B. Myers

How are volcano landslides generated?

Landslides are common on volcanoes because their massive cones (1) typically rise hundreds to thousands of meters above the surrounding terrain; and (2) are often weakened by the very process that created them–the rise and eruption of molten rock. Each time magma moves toward the surface, overlying rocks are shouldered aside as the molten rock makes room for itself, often creating internal shear zones or oversteepening one or more sides of the cone. Magma that remains within the cone releases volcanic gases that partially dissolve in groundwater, resulting in a hot acidic hydrothermal system that weakens rock by altering rock minerals to clay. Furthermore, the tremendous mass of thousands of layers lava and loose fragmented rock debris can lead to internal faults and fault zones that move frequently as the cone “settles” under the downward pull of gravity.These conditions permit a number of factors to trigger a landslide or to allow part of a volcano’s cone to simply collapse under the influence of gravity:

  • intrusion of magma into a volcano
  • explosive eruptions (magmatic or phreatic–steam-driven explosions)
  • large earthquake directly beneath a volcano or nearby (typically >M5)
  • intense rainfall that saturates a volcano or adjacent tephra-covered hillslopes with water, especially before or during a large earthquake

Effects of volcano landslides

Volcanic Landslides Can:

  • Trigger Volcanic Explosions
  • Generate currents that can travel Downstresm
  • Cause Waves and Tsunamis in Lake or Ocean
  • Bury River Valleys With Rock Debris
  • Dam Tributary Streams to form Lakes
  • Create a Crater or Scar on Volcano
A landslide typically destroys everything in its path and may generate a variety of related activity. Historically, landslides have caused explosive eruptions, buried river valleys with tens of meters of rock debris, generated lahars, triggered waves and tsunami, and created deep horseshoe-shaped craters.By removing a large part of a volcano’s cone, a landslide may abruptly decrease pressure on the shallow magmatic and hydrothermal systems, which can generate explosions ranging from a small steam explosion to large steam- and magma-driven directed blasts. A large landslide often buries valleys with tens to hundreds of meters of rock debris, forming a chaotic landscape marked by dozens of small hills and closed depressions. If the deposit is thick enough, it may dam tributary streams to form lakes in the subsequent days to months; the lakes may eventually drain catastrophically and generate lahars and floods downstream.Landslides also generate some of the largest and most deadly lahars, either by transforming directly into a lahar or, after it stops moving, from dewatering of the deposit. Historically, however, the most deadly volcano landslide occurred in 1792 when sliding debris from Mt. Mayuyama near Unzen Volcano in Japan slammed into the Ariaka Sea and generated a wave on the opposite side that killed nearly 15,000 people.On a volcano, landslides typically carve deep gashes into its cone or create large horseshoe-shaped craters hundreds of meters deep and more than a kilometer in width.

Historical landslides

  • Mount St. Helens, Washington, 1980
  • Otake volcano, Japan, 1984
  • Huila Volcano, Colombia, 1994
  • Casita Volcano, Nicaragua, 1999

Pre-historical landslides

  • Landslides at Mount Rainier volcano, Washington
  • Examples of volcanic landslide deposits from the United States and around the world

source:http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

Related Readings:

Landslides and Other Gravity Movements

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